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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted in a sample of vitaminB2@P25TiO₂NPs using a TA-THA Q5000 equipment. Temperature ramp rate: 10 °C/min, maximum temperature: 1000 °C, under air. Part of the same sample was mounted on conductive copper tape grids and observed through a Carl Zeiss Sigma scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an EDS probe, at the “Laboratorio de Microscopía y Análisis por Rayos X” (LAMARX) of National University of Córdoba (Argentina).

EFSA Scientific Conclusion on E171

The vitaminC@P25TiO₂NPs, on the other side, did not have any effect on cell protection against ROS. This might be due to the fact that vitamin C, a well-known scavenger of ROS, could behave as prooxidant and even promote ROS and lipid peroxidation [39]. It was recently described that at small concentrations of vitamin C, the prooxidant effects dominate; while in large concentrations the antioxidant ones predominate [40]. The effect also depends on the cell state and the interaction of vitamin C with light. In this case, ascorbic acid may act as an antenna to harvest visible light when conjugated to P25TiO₂NPs. Indeed, it was previously found that this combination (in some ratios) could have an improved photocatalytic activity, possibly due to a red shift in its light absorbance [41]. Further studies on vitaminC@P25TiO₂NPs were not conducted, because of the poor antioxidant capacity [42].

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a naturally occurring compound that is mined, refined and processed into a fine powder. It is known for its exceptional opacity, brightness and high refractive index, making it an ideal ingredient in paint formulations. When added to paint, titanium dioxide scatters and reflects light, creating vibrant, long-lasting colors. It is this unique property that makes titanium dioxide the most widely used white pigment in the coatings industry.

Durabo White, 24.5 per cent zinc sulphide, 51 per cent barium sulphate, 18 per cent white clay, 5.5 per cent infusorial earth.

It’s particularly useful in sunscreen as it has impressive UV resistance and helps block the sun’s UVA and UVB rays from reaching your skin (6Trusted Source).

Lithopone B301, Lithopone B311 powder is also called C.I. 77115; Pigment White 5; Barium zinc sulfate sulfide and belongs to Product Categories of Inorganic & organic chemicals; uvcbs-inorganic. Lithopone B301, Lithopone B311 powder is used in water-based paints because of its excellent alkali resistance. It is widely utilized as a whitener and reinforcing agent for rubber and as a filler and whitener for paper. Lithopone B301, Lithopone B311 powder is considered to be poisonous because it is able to liberate hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition by heat, moisture, and acids. When heated to decomposition Lithopone B301, Lithopone B311 powder emits highly toxic fumes of SOx, ZnO, and H2S.

In 2022, a year after the EFSA recommended against the use of E171, the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) conducted its own reassessment of titanium dioxide as a food additive. The agency concluded that titanium dioxide was indeed safe to use as a food additive. The United Kingdom and Canada came to similar conclusions.

Titanium dioxide is a white food coloring agent often used in bakery decorations, soups, broths, sauces, spreads, creamers, candy, and chewing gum.

Though the regulated use of titanium dioxide in food products is legal in the U.S. and Canada, it's banned in some other countries, notably throughout Europe. In May 2021, the European Food Safety Authority announced that titanium dioxide can no longer be considered safe as a food additive.

Titanium is one of the most common metals on earth, but it does not occur naturally in this elemental form. TiO₂, also known as titanium (IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring compound created when titanium reacts with the oxygen in the air. As an oxide, titanium is found in minerals in the earth’s crust. It is also found with other elements, including calcium and iron.

In the paper industry, TiO2 is used to create high-quality, bright white paper products. By adding TiO2 to pulp, paper manufacturers can improve the opacity, brightness, and printability of their products. TiO2 also enhances the lightfastness and aging resistance of paper, ensuring that it maintains its appearance and quality over time. With TiO2, paper products can achieve a superior level of whiteness and visual appeal.